ရီု:IPA/Japanese
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Japanese on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Japanese in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or its value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Japanese language and Okinawan pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ja}}, {{IPAc-ja}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Examples in the charts are Japanese words transliterated according to the Hepburn romanization system.
See Japanese phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Japanese.
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Notes
[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]- ↑ ၁.၀ ၁.၁ ၁.၂ ၁.၃ Voiced fricatives [z, ʑ] are generally pronounced as affricates [dz, dʑ] in word-initial positions and after the moraic nasal /N/ (ထာမ်ပလိက်:IPAblink before [dz] and ထာမ်ပလိက်:IPAblink before [dʑ]) or the sokuon /Q/ (spelled ッ, only in loanwords). Actual realizations of these sounds vary (see Yotsugana).
- ↑ ၂.၀ ၂.၁ ၂.၂ ၂.၃ When an affricate consonant is geminated, only the closure component of it is repeated: [kiddzɯ], [eddʑi], [ittsɯi], [kettɕakɯ].
- ↑ ၃.၀ ၃.၁ A declining number of speakers pronounce word-medial ထာမ်ပလိက်:IPAslink as ထာမ်ပလိက်:IPAblink ထာမ်ပလိက်:Harvcol, but /ɡ/ is always represented by [ɡ] in this system.
- ↑ [ɰ], romanized w, is the consonant equivalent of the vowel [ɯ], which is pronounced with varying degrees of rounding, depending on dialect.
- ↑ The syllable-final n (moraic nasal) is pronounced as some kind of nasalized vowel before a vowel, semivowel ([j, ɰ]) or fricative ([ɸ, s, ɕ, ç, h]). [ɰ̃] is a conventional notation undefined for the exact place of articulation ထာမ်ပလိက်:Harvcol.
- ↑ ၆.၀ ၆.၁ Close vowels [i, ɯ] become voiceless [i̥, ɯ̥] when short and surrounded by voiceless consonants within a word. When the second consonant is [ɸ], [ç] or [h], or when both consonants are fricatives (including the second component of an affricate), devoicing is much less likely to occur ထာမ်ပလိက်:Harvcol, so vowels in such environments are not transcribed as voiceless (nor are word-final or non-close vowels, whose devoicing is also less consistent). Where close vowels that would be devoiced according to the above rules occur in succession, however, usually whichever is accented or, if neither is, the second remains voiced ထာမ်ပလိက်:Harvcol, so transcribe them accordingly: [kɯꜜɕi̥kɯmo, tsɯ̥kɯɕi]. These rules may be overridden by citing a reliable source that marks devoicing, such as ထာမ်ပလိက်:Harvcoltxt or ထာမ်ပလိက်:Harvcoltxt, if the word being transcribed appears in it.
- ↑ [ɯ], romanized u, exhibits varying degrees of rounding depending on dialect. In Tokyo dialect, it is either unrounded or compressed ထာမ်ပလိက်:IPAblink, meaning the sides of the lips are held together without horizontal protrusion, unlike protruded ထာမ်ပလိက်:IPAblink.
- ↑ A pitch drop may occur only once per word and does not occur in all words. The mora before a pitch drop has a high pitch. When it occurs at the end of a word, the following grammatical particle has a low pitch.
References
[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]- Fujimoto, Masako (2015). "Vowel devoicing", Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology. Berlin: De Gruyter, 167–214. doi:10.1515/9781614511984.167. ISBN 978-1-61451-252-3။
- (2014) {{{title}}}, 2nd (in Japanese), Tokyo: Sanseido. ISBN 978-4-385-13672-1။
- (2016) in NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute: {{{title}}} (in Japanese). Tokyo: NHK Publishing. ISBN 978-4-14-011345-5။
- Vance, Timothy J. (2008). The Sounds of Japanese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5216-1754-3။