အေဿရေလ်

အေဿရေလ်( Israel ,יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yīsrāʾēl), إِسْرَائِيل (ʾIsrāʾīl) ယၟု ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ် ရးနိဂီုအေဿရေလ် (State of Israel) ဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုမွဲ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲအာရှလပါ်ပလိုတ်။ ရးဏအ်ဂှ် ပယျဵုဆက်ဒၟံင် လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာ လေဗနောတ်၊ လပါ်ဨသာန် သဳရိယျာ၊ လပါ်ဗမံက် ဒးဂျောရ်ဒါန်၊ လပါ်သၠုင်ကျာ ဒးၜဳဍာဲ၊ လပါ်နေရတိ ဒးအဳဂျိပ်၊ လပါ်ပလိုတ် ဒးၜဳပ္ဍဲတိ၊ ဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင် ပါလေသတာင် ဝေတ်ဗင် နွံလပါ်ဗမံက်တုဲ ဂါဇာသတြိပ် နွံလပါ်နေရတိ ရ။ တေလ္လဝိပ် (Tel Aviv) ဂှ် ဒှ်ဍုင်အဓိက ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကေုာံ ကွတ်သိပ္ပံ အေဿရေလ် တုဲ ဂျေရုသလေင် ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ကရေက်လပါ်ဗမံက်ဂှ် ဟွံနွံ ပ္ဍဲသၟဝ်ပကင်ရင် အေဿရေလ်ကီုလေဝ် ဒှ်ဍုင်ဇၞော် ဒၞာဲရုင်အလဵုအသဳဂမၠိုင် မနွံရ။^[၁]

အေဿရေလ်ဂှ် နွံဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကရေက် လပါ်သၠုင်ကျာ လေဝါန် (Southern Levant) မဒှ်ဒေသ မပြာကတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲဝင် နဒဒှ် ရးခေနာန် (Canaan) မဒှ် ဍုင်အေဿရေလ်၊ ဒေသပါလေသတာင် ကေုာံ ဍုင်ကျာ်ပရဲ (Holy Land) ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု အခိင်တမၠာတေအ်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ် ဒှ်လဝ် ဍုင်ကောန်ဂကူ အေဿရေလဂမၠိုင် ကေုာံ ရးမရာတ်ဂျူဂမၠိုင် သီုကဵု အေဿရေလ် ကေုာံ ယုဍးကီု သီုကဵု ဂျဒေယ် ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞာံဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒေသဂှ် ဒးမံင်လဝ် သၟဝ် အဿဳရဳယာန် (Assyrians)၊ ဗါဗဳလဝ်ယာန် (Babylonians)၊ ပါသဳယာန် (Persians)၊ ဂရိတ် (Greeks) ကဵု ရဝ်မာန် (Romans)တအ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူ ပေါဲဗတိုက် အကြာ ဂကူဂျူ ကဵု ရဝ်မာန်တုဲ ဂကူဂျူတအ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒးကၠေအ်ကၠက်အာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသဂှ်ရ။ ဒေသဂှ် ဗွဲကြဴဏအ် စိုပ်အာ သၟဝ်ပကင်ရင် ဗဳဇာန်တာင် (Byzantine) ကဵု အာရာပ်။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ခေတ်လဒေါဝ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ဒေသဝွံ နွံဒၟံင် သၟဝ်ပကင်ရင် ရးမရာဇ်အေဿလာမ် (Islamic Caliphates)၊ ရးမရာဇ်ခရူသိတ် ဂျေရုသလေင် (Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem)၊ ကဵု အေန်ပါယျာအောတ္တမာန် (Ottoman Empire)ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကၞောတ် ၁၉ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ဝါဒဇြဳယောန် (Zionism) စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ။ ဝါဒဇြဳယောန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ပရေင်ဂိုတ်ဂစာန် သွက်ဂွံ က္လေင်ဒက်ပ္တန် ဍုင်ဒတန် သွက်ဂကူဂျူတအ်ရ။ ကြဴနူ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိ အလန်ပထမတုဲ ဒေသဂှ် နွံဒၟံင် သၟဝ် ဂကောံဍုင်ဂမၠိုင် (League of Nations) နကဵု ပရေင်ထိင်ဒဝ် ဗြိတိန် ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် တိဍာ်ဂှ် ညးဂှ် ပိုင်ထေက်ဂှ် ဂျူ ကဵု အာရာပ် ပၠံင်ဒၟံင် ရေင်သကအ်ရ။ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပဒတန် အစဳအဇန်ပါ်ပရအ်ဍုင် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂှ် ပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုင် အကြာအာရာပ် ကဵု ဂျူ စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ။ ဗြိတိန် နုက်တိတ် ပရေင်ပကင်ရင် ညးတအ် ပ္ဍဲ ၁၄ မေ ၁၉၈၄၊ အေဿရေလ် လလောင်တြး ဍုင်သၠးပွး ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဂှ်ရ။

နစတ္ၚဲ အေဿရေလ် မလလောင်တြး ဍုင်သၠးပွးဂှ် နကဵု အေဿရေလ် ဒးဒုင် ပဋိပက္ခ ကုရးအာရာပ် မသုန် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဝူဒိုဟ်ဇကုတုဲ ပၞာန် နူကဵု ရးတအ်ဂှ် ဂိတုမေ ၁၅ ဂှ် ဇက်လုပ်ကၠုင်တုဲ ပၞာန်အာရာပ်-အေဿရေလ် ၁၉၄၈ စက္တဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ။ သၞာံဂတဂှ် လပါ်စဂှ် ဒးကေတ် တင်လတုပ်စိုတ် မကော်ဂး (1949 Armistice Agreements) ဂှ် အေဿရေလ် က္လိဂွံ တိဍာ် ဂၠိုင်တိုန်အာ နူကဵု အစဳအဇန်တြေံ မဖျေဟ်လဝ် မွဲဂအုမ်-ပိဂအုမ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် သွက်ဂွံ ပါ်ကဵု ဍုင်တၞဟ်ခြာ ကုအာရာပ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ကၠေအ်အာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်ကသုက်ဂှ်ကီုရ။ During both stages of the 1948 Palestine war, over 700,000 Palestinian Arabs were expelled from or fled Israeli territory to Jordanian-ruled West Bank, Egyptian-controlled Gaza, and the neighboring Arab countries, with fewer than 150,000 Palestinian Arabs remaining within Israel. During and immediately after the war, around 260,000 Jews emigrated or fled from the Arab world to Israel.^[၂]^{[fn ၁]} The 1967 Six-Day War resulted in the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, along with the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula and the Syrian Golan Heights. Israel has since effectively annexed both East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, and has established settlements across the Israeli-occupied territories, actions the international community has rejected as illegal under international law. Since the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt, returning the Sinai Peninsula, and with Jordan, and more recently normalized relations with several Arab countries, though efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not succeeded. Israel's practices in its occupation of the Palestinian territories, the longest military occupation in modern history, have drawn international condemnation for violating the human rights of the Palestinians.^[၃]

The country has a parliamentary system elected by means of proportional representation. The prime minister serves as head of government, and is elected by the Knesset, Israel's unicameral legislature.^[၄] Israel is a developed country and an OECD member,^[၅] with a population of over 9 million people as of 2021^[update].^[၆] It has the world's 29th-largest economy by nominal GDP and 13th by nominal GDP per capita.^[၇]

နိဿဲ

↑ Akram, Susan M., Michael Dumper, Michael Lynk, and Iain Scobbie, eds. 2010. International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace. Routledge. p. 119: "UN General Assembly Resolution 181 recommended the creation of an international zone, or corpus separatum, in Jerusalem to be administered by the UN for a 10-year period, after which there would be a referendum to determine its future. This approach applies equally to West and East Jerusalem and is not affected by the occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967. To a large extent it is this approach that still guides the diplomatic behaviour of states and thus has greater force in international law."
1 2 Fischbach 2008, p. 26–27.
↑ Totten, S. (2017). Last Lectures on the Prevention and Intervention of Genocide, Routledge Studies in Genocide and Crimes against Humanity. Taylor & Francis, 64. ISBN 978-1-315-40976-4။
↑ နိဿဲ ဗၠေတ် - Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cnn
↑ Israel's accession to the OECD. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
↑ T. O. I. staff. Israel's population rises to over 9.3 million on Rosh Hashanah eve (in en-US).
↑ နိဿဲ ဗၠေတ် - Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IMFWEO.IL

↑ Tens of thousands of Jews in Arab countries left their homes because of the 1948 war as well, pushed by a combination of anti-Semitic feeling and legislation, religious feeling, Zionist activity, economic factors, the end of colonial rule, and other reasons. The decision to leave varied by circumstance, as well as by country and social class. Approximately 260,000 Jews from the Arab world moved to Israel during and immediately after the war.^[၂]

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[1] Akram, Susan M., Michael Dumper, Michael Lynk, and Iain Scobbie, eds. 2010. International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace. Routledge. p. 119: "UN General Assembly Resolution 181 recommended the creation of an international zone, or corpus separatum, in Jerusalem to be administered by the UN for a 10-year period, after which there would be a referendum to determine its future. This approach applies equally to West and East Jerusalem and is not affected by the occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967. To a large extent it is this approach that still guides the diplomatic behaviour of states and thus has greater force in international law."

[FOOTNOTEFischbach200826–27-2] 1 2 Fischbach 2008, p. 26–27.

[4] Totten, S. (2017). Last Lectures on the Prevention and Intervention of Genocide, Routledge Studies in Genocide and Crimes against Humanity. Taylor & Francis, 64. ISBN 978-1-315-40976-4။

[cnn-5] နိဿဲ ဗၠေတ် - Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cnn

[OECD-6] Israel's accession to the OECD. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

[7] T. O. I. staff. Israel's population rises to over 9.3 million on Rosh Hashanah eve (in en-US).

[IMFWEO.IL-8] နိဿဲ ဗၠေတ် - Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IMFWEO.IL

[3] Tens of thousands of Jews in Arab countries left their homes because of the 1948 war as well, pushed by a combination of anti-Semitic feeling and legislation, religious feeling, Zionist activity, economic factors, the end of colonial rule, and other reasons. The decision to leave varied by circumstance, as well as by country and social class. Approximately 260,000 Jews from the Arab world moved to Israel during and immediately after the war.^[၂]

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